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Why Free Software needs Free Documentation

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Join our mailing listabout the dangers of eBooks.

The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in thesoftware—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can includein these systems. Many of our most important programs do not comewith full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any softwarepackage; when an important free software package does not come with afree manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.

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Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I gota copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I askedPerl users about alternatives, they told me that there were betterintroductory manuals—but those were not free (notfreedom-respecting). Immolation backgroundmr. beckers classroom.

Free

Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them forO'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictiveterms—no copying, no modification, source files notavailable—which made them nonfree, thus excluded them from theFree World.

That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (toour community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietarymanual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict theirmanuals since then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tellme about a manual that he is writing, with which he expects to helpthe GNU Project—and then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded toexplain that he had signed a contract with a publisher that wouldrestrict it so that we cannot use it.

Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, wecan ill afford to lose manuals this way.

Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, notprice. The problem with these manuals was not that O'ReillyAssociates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself isfine. (The Free Software Foundationsells printedcopies of free GNU manuals, too.) ButGNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals areavailable only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy andmodify; the Perl manuals do not. These restrictions are the problems.

The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for freesoftware: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must bepermitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program,on line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.

As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people tohave permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issuesfor writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. Forexample, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission tomodify articles like this one, which describe our actions and ourviews.

But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucialfor documentation for free software. When people exercise their rightto modify the software, and add or change its features, if they areconscientious they will change the manual too—so they can provideaccurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manualwhich forbids programmers from being conscientious and finishing the job, ormore precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch ifthey change the program, does not fill our community's needs.

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While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, somekinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem. Forexample, requirements to preserve the original author's copyrightnotice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It isalso no problem to require modified versions to include notice thatthey were modified, even to have entire sections that may not bedeleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnicaltopics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)

These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practicalmatter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting themanual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't blockthe free software community from making full use of the manual.

However, it must be possible to modify all the technicalcontent of the manual, and then distribute the result through all the usualmedia, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions doblock the community, the manual is not free, and so we need anothermanual.

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Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write anothermanual when a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that manyusers think that a proprietary manual is good enough—so theydon't see the need to write a free manual. They do not see that thefree operating system has a gap that needs filling.

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Template for candy bar wrapper. Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Somehave not considered the issue. I hope this article will do somethingto change that.

Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the samereason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable: theyjudge in purely practical terms, not using freedom as a criterion.These people are entitled to their opinions, but since those opinionsspring from values which do not include freedom, they are no guide forthose of us who do value freedom.

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Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manualsto proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietarymanuals are not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to helpGNU by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, thathe must above all make it free.

We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copyleftedmanuals instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is tocheck the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, andprefer copylefted manuals to noncopylefted ones.

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[Note: We maintain a pagethat lists free books available from other publishers].